Open Access

ARTICLE

Sustainable Development and Environmental Governance: A Study of Policy Implementation in India

Issue Vol. 1 No. 01 (2026): January February 2026 --- Section Articles --- Published Date: 2026-01-01

Abstract

Sustainable development has become a central framework for policy formulation across the world, particularly in developing economies like India where rapid economic growth coexists with severe environmental challenges. The concept emphasizes a balanced approach that integrates economic development, social inclusion, and environmental protection. India’s developmental trajectory—characterized by industrial expansion, urbanization, infrastructure growth, and rising energy demands—has significantly impacted natural resources, biodiversity, and ecological stability. Environmental governance, therefore, assumes critical importance in ensuring that development policies are implemented in a sustainable and accountable manner.

This research paper examines the theoretical foundations of sustainable development, analyzes India’s environmental governance structure, and evaluates the implementation of major environmental policies. The study uses both primary and secondary data to assess awareness levels, governance challenges, and institutional effectiveness. Findings reveal that although India has developed a comprehensive legal and policy framework aligned with global commitments such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement, implementation gaps persist due to weak enforcement mechanisms, financial limitations, bureaucratic delays, and limited public participation. The paper concludes that strengthening institutional coordination, enhancing transparency, and promoting community engagement are essential for achieving long-term sustainability objectives in India.

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